Kernel Wars

Kernel Map

60 years of CAD geometry kernel lineage — from NURBS foundations and the B-rep wars (ACIS vs. Parasolid) through Open CASCADE to the next generation of implicit modeling. Click any node to explore.

Mathematical FoundationB-rep Kernel / SystemCAD ApplicationModern EvolutionImplicit / Next-Gen

Mathematical Foundations

B-rep Kernels (The Kernel Wars)

Major CAD Applications

Next Generation

Interactive Kernel Map

Click any node to explore its history, description, and connections to other kernels and applications.

⚔️
20
Systems
22
Links
60yrs
Span
View all 22 lineage connections
NURBS / B-SplinesBoundary Representation (B-rep)mathematical basis
Boundary Representation (B-rep)BUILD (Cambridge)academic B-rep
BUILD (Cambridge)Romulus / ShapeDatacommercial spinout
Romulus / ShapeDataParasolidevolved into
Boundary Representation (B-rep)GM Solid / Padl-2parallel research
GM Solid / Padl-2ACIS (Spatial)influenced
Boundary Representation (B-rep)ACIS (Spatial)ACIS B-rep architecture
Boundary Representation (B-rep)CGM (Dassault)Dassault proprietary
Boundary Representation (B-rep)Open CASCADE (OCCT)open cascade
ParasolidSolidWorkslicensed kernel
ParasolidSolid Edgelicensed kernel
ParasolidUnigraphics / NXnative kernel
ACIS (Spatial)AutoCAD / Inventorembedded (ASM)
ACIS (Spatial)Metamorph / Spatial ImplicitSpatial → implicit
CGM (Dassault)CATIA (Dassault)proprietary kernel
CGM (Dassault)Metamorph / Spatial ImplicitCGM Implicit
NURBS / B-SplinesSubD / Mesh Modelingcomplement/compete
NURBS / B-SplinesIsogeometric AnalysisIGA uses NURBS
Boundary Representation (B-rep)Implicit Modeling (SDF)paradigm shift
Implicit Modeling (SDF)nTop (nTopology)commercial platform
Implicit Modeling (SDF)Cascade Technologies / Monolithstartup → Siemens
Implicit Modeling (SDF)Metamorph / Spatial ImplicitSpatial/DS push